La Langue de Césaire: Plotting Aesthetic Production in French beyond the Métropole

A digital bilingual anthology of literature from Africa and the Caribbean

Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (1939)

Aimé Césaire

Summary: Notebook of a Return to the Native Land is Aimé Césaire’s most celebrated and studied long poem, written between 1936 and 1939. Césaire describe this text, his first literary work, as “the cry of a lonely and disoriented man.” Started during a holiday in Yougoslavia and continued after his return to Martinique, the poem was forged during a difficult period for Césaire. In the Cahier, the young student expresses his revolt against colonialism and racism in an incantatory and epic mode. The Notebook is filled with neologisms, unusual syntax and punctuation, and shifts between verse and prose. The first version was published in the French review Volontés in 1939; a longer version was published by Bordas in 1947 with an introduction by André Breton. Césaire made numerous modifications to his poem throughout these successive editions.  In this excerpt, Césaire describes his genuine hope of speaking for his people on the eve of his return to the “native land,” and his delusion as he faces the tragic situation of his country facing repression, poverty, and humiliation.

 

Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (extrait)

Je retrouverais le secret des grandes communications et des grandes combustions. Je dirais orage. Je dirais fleuve. Je dirais tornade. Je dirais feuille. Je dirais arbre. Je serais mouillé de toutes les pluies, humecté de toutes les rosées. Je roulerais comme du sang frénétique sur le courant lent de l’oeil des mots en chevaux fous en enfants frais en caillots en couvre-feu en vestiges de temple en pierres précieuses assez loin pour décourager les mineurs. Qui ne me comprendrait pas ne comprendrait pas davantage le rugissement du tigre.

Et vous fantômes montez bleus de chimie d’une forêt de bêtes traquées de machines tordues d’un jujubier de chairs pourries d’un panier d’huîtres d’yeux d’un lacis de lanières découpées dans le beau sisal d’une peau d’homme j’aurais des mots assez vastes pour vous contenir et toi terre tendue terre saoule

terre grand sexe levé vers le soleil

terre grand délire de la mentule de Dieu

terre sauvage montée des resserres de la mer avec

dans la bouche une touffe de cécropies1

terre dont je ne puis comparer la face houleuse qu’à

la forêt vierge et folle que je souhaiterais pouvoir en

guise de visage montrer aux yeux indéchiffreurs des

hommes

Il me suffirait d’une gorgée de ton lait jiculi2 pour qu’en toi je découvre toujours à même distance de mirage – mille fois plus natale et dorée d’un soleil que n’entame nul prisme – la terre où tout est libre et fraternel, ma terre.

 

Partir. Mon coeur bruissait de générosités emphatiques. Partir… j’arriverais lisse et jeune dans ce pays mien et je dirais à ce pays dont le limon entre dans la composition de ma chair : « J’ai longtemps erré et je reviens vers la hideur désertée de vos plaies ».3

Je viendrais à ce pays mien et je lui dirais : Embrassez-moi sans crainte… Et si je ne sais que parler, c’est pour vous que je parlerai ».

 

Et je lui dirais encore :

« Ma bouche sera la bouche des malheurs qui n’ont point de bouche, ma voix, la liberté de celles qui s’affaissent au cachot du désespoir. »

Et venant je me dirais à moi-même :

« Et surtout mon corps aussi bien que mon âme, gardez-vous de vous croiser les bras en l’attitude stérile du spectateur, car la vie n’est pas un spectacle, car une mer de douleurs n’est pas un proscenium4, car un homme qui crie n’est pas un ours qui danse… »

 

Et voici que je suis venu !

De nouveau cette vie clopinante devant moi, non pas cette vie, cette mort, cette mort sans sens ni piété, cette mort où la grandeur piteusement échoue, l’éclatante petitesse de cette mort, cette mort qui clopine de petitesses en petitesses ; ces pelletées de de petites avidités sur le conquistador ; ces pelletées de petits larbins sur le grand sauvage, ces pelletées de petites âmes sur le Caraîbe aux trois âmes,5

et toutes ces morts futiles

absurdités sous l’éclaboussement de ma conscience ouverte

tragiques futilités éclairées de cette seule noctiluque où fait le beau l’apocalypse des monstres puis, chavirée, se tait

chaude élection de cendres, de ruine et d’affaissements

 

— Encore une objection ! une seule, mais de grâce une seule : je n’ai pas le droit de calculer la vie à mon empan fuligineux ; de me réduire à ce petit rien ellipsoïdal qui tremble à quatre doigts au-dessus de la ligne, moi homme, d’ainsi observer la création, que je me comprenne entre latitude et longitude !

 

Au bout du petit matin,

la mâle soif et l’entêté désir,

me voici divisé des oasis fraîches de la fraternité

ce rien pudique frise d’échardes dures

cet horizon trop sûr tressaille comme un geôlier.

 

Notebook of a Return to the Native Land (excerpt)

 

I would rediscover the secret of great communications and great combustions. I would say storm. I would say river. I would say tornado. I would say leaf. I would say tree. I would be drenched by all rains, moistened by all dews. I would roll like frenetic blood on the slow current of the eye of words turned into mad horses into fresh children into clots into curfew into vestiges of temples into precious stones remote enough to discourage miners. Whoever would not understand me would not understand any better the roaring of a tiger.

And you ghosts rise blue from alchemy from a forest of hunted beasts of twisted machines of a jujube tree of rotten flesh of a basket of oysters of eyes of a network of straps in the beautiful sisal of human skin I would have words vast enough to contain you and you earth taut earth drunk

earth great vulva raised to the sun

earth great delirium of God’s mentula savage

earth arisen from the storerooms of the sea a clump of Cecropia in your mouth

earth whose tempestuous face I can only compare to the virgin and foolish forest which were it in my power I would show in guise of a face to the undeciphering eyes of men

all I would need is a mouthful of jiculi milk to discover in you always\ as distant as a mirage — a thousand times more native and made golden by a sun that no prism divides — the earth where everything is free and fraternal, my earth

 

To go away. My heart was pounding with emphatic generosities. To go away … I would arrive sleek and young in this land of mine and I would say to this land whose loam is part of my flesh: “I have wandered for a long time and I am coming back to the deserted hideousness of your sores.”

I would go to this land of mine and I would say to it: “Embrace me without fear … And if all I can do is speak, it is for you I shall speak.”

 

And again I would say:

“My mouth shall be the mouth of those calamities that have no mouth, my voice the freedom of those who break down in the prison holes of despair.”

And on the way I would say to myself:

“And above all, my body as well as my soul, beware of assuming the sterile attitude of a spectator, for life is not a spectacle, a sea of miseries is not a proscenium, a man screaming is not a dancing bear …”

 

And behold here I am!

Once again this life hobbling before me, what am I saying life, this death, this death without sense or pity, this death that so pathetically falls short of greatness, the dazzling pettiness of this death, this death hobbling from pettiness to pettiness; those shovelfuls of petty greeds over the conquistador; these shovelfuls of petty flunkies over the great savage; these shovelfuls of petty souls over the three-souled Carib,

and all these deaths futile

absurdities under the splashing of my open conscience

tragic futilities lit up by this single noctiluca and I alone, sudden stage of this daybreak when the apocalypse of monsters cavorts then, capsized, hushes

warm election of cinders, of ruins and collapses

 

—One more thing! Only one, but please make it only one: I have no right to measure life by my sooty finger span; to reduce myself to this little ellipsoidal nothing trembling four fingers above the line, I a man, to so overturn creation that I include myself between latitude and longitude!

 

At the end of daybreak,

the male thirst and the desire stubborn,

here I am, severed from the cool oases of brotherhood

this so modest nothing bristles with hard splinters

this too safe horizon is startled like a jailer.

 

Citations

  • Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (Présence africaine, 1987 [1960]), pp. 22–24
  • Notebook of a Return to the Native Land, Translated and edited by Clayton Eshleman and Annette Smith (Wesleyan University Press, 2001) pp. 12-15
  1. Césaire uses a very rich and rare botanical vocabulary: Cecropia is a genus of tropical American trees that have rough leaves, clustered at the ends of the branches, that yield a bast fiber used for cordage. Sisal is a strong white fiber also used for cordage and twine
  2. Lait Jiculi is a poison made from a tropical plant
  3. Césaire lived in Paris as a student from 1931 to 1939 when he returned to Martinique and started teaching in a high school with his wife Suzanne Roussi
  4. The proscenium is the wall that separates the scene from the stage in a theater
  5. In indigenious carribean religions, each individual was said to possess three souls
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