La Langue de Césaire: Plotting Aesthetic Production in French beyond the Métropole

A digital bilingual anthology of literature from Africa and the Caribbean

Nedjma (1956)

Kateb Yacine

 

Summary: Lakhdar is jailed after hitting Mr Ernest, his foreman, and separated from his three companions, who are the three other narrators in the novel: Mourad (his brother), Mustapha (his cousin), and Rachid. This experience reminds Lakhdar of his first imprisonment, a year before, during the protests of May 1948. Kateb Yacine uses his own traumatic and formative experience to recount how a highschooler is confronted for the first time with the violent reality of colonization. In the following excerpt (Part II, Chapters III–IV), Kateb Yacine expresses in a lyrical style an awareness of the revolutionary potential of his fellow protesters, announcing the revolution that will start later in 1954.

 

II. III (fr)

L’équipe en fuite s’est arrêtée devant la tranchée, Mustapha, Mourad et Rachid au premier rang ; ils ne soufflent mot, ne font aucun signe en direction de Lakhdar, qui ne peut bientôt plus les voir, car le gendarme le pousse par derrière et lui défend de se retourner. « Ce n’est pas la première fois », songe Lakhdar, en baissant les menottes vers son genou pour se gratter. « ça fait un peu plus d’un an » … Lakhdar se voit dans la prison, avant même d’y arriver, il est en cellule, avec une impression de déjà vécu ; le dernier faisceau de lumière, disparu au soleil couchant, fait sentir son absence sur la route devenue grise, étroite; Lakhdar y retrouve l’atmosphère, perdue dans sa mémoire, de la première arrestation. « Le printemps était avancé, il y a un peu plus d’un an, mais c’était la même lumière ; le jour même, le 8 mai,1 je suis parti à pied. Quel besoin de partir ? J’étais d’abord revenu au collège, après la manifestation ; les trois cours étaient vides. Je ne voulais pas le croire ; j’avais les oreilles semblables à des tamis, engorgées de détonations ; je ne voulais pas le croire. Je ne croyais pas qu’il s’était passé tant et tant de choses.

A la fenêtre du premier dortoir, je vis S. II avait l’air d’un orateur ; il haranguait les Européens.

II n’y avait plus d’Arabes dans le dortoir ;2 S. parlait fort et gesticulait, debout sur le lit de Mustapha ; le mien était défait ; beaucoup de lits avaient été déplacés. Je ne comprenais toujours pas. Je louchais du côté de la fenêtre, sans monter au dortoir ; je ne voulais pas non plus roder dans les cours, ni me décider à sauter par la fenêtre de I’étude. Fallait absolument forcer la case de Mustapha, prendre les tracts, et je restais sans rien dire, ne cherchant pas à me cacher derrière le pilier, louchant vers le dortoir où S. parlait, dressé sur le lit de Mustapha, et je ne pouvais même pas entendre ce qui se disait ; j’étais là, une jambe dans l’autre, pareil à une cigogne en rase campagne, froid et obstiné comme un moteur en panne, comme si je me savais au seuil de la prison, condamné à l’inaction, mis par moi-même en liberté provisoire. Mais je ne fus arrête que le lendemain. II y a un an.

II n’y avait pas assez de menottes ; le gargotier était attaché avec moi ; nous étions enfermés au centre de la gendarmerie, dans la remise aux foins : le gargotier, le garçon boulanger et moi. Chacun avait une main et un pied libres. Un mouton, un vrai mouton, bondissait dans la remise. II avait renoncé à bêler. Le brigadier l’avait poussé là sans le brutaliser, et il lui apportait sa nourriture à part, distribuant au passage dans le paquet d’hommes des coups de pied sans vigueur. Mais cette fois je suis seul…

 

II. IV (fr)

Fallait pas partir. Si j’étais resté au collège, ils ne m’auraient pas arrêté. Je serais encore étudiant, pas manœuvre, et je ne serais pas enfermé une seconde fois, pour un coup de tête. Fallait rester au collège, comme disait le chef de district.

Fallait rester au collège, au poste.

Fallait écouter le chef de district.

Mais les Européens3 s’étaient groupés.

lls avaient déplacé les lits.

lls se montraient les armes de leurs papas.

Y avait plus ni principal ni pions.

L’odeur des cuisines n’arrivait plus.

Le cuisinier et l’économe s’étaient enfuis.

lls avaient peur de nous, de nous, de nous!

Les manifestants s’étaient volatilises.

Je suis passe à l’étude. J’ai pris les tracts.

J’ai caché la Vie d’Abdelkader.4

J’ai ressenti la force des idées.

J’ai trouvé I’Algérie irascible. Sa respiration …

La respiration de I’Algérie suffisait.5

Suffisait à chasser les mouches.

Puis I’Algérie elle-même est devenue…

Devenue traîtreusement une mouche.

Mais les fourmis, les fourmis rouges.

Les fourmis rouges venaient à la rescousse.

Je suis parti avec les tracts.

Je les ai enterrés dans la rivière.

J’ai tracé sur le sable un plan …

Un plan de manifestation future.

Qu’on me donne cette rivière, et je me battrai.

Je me battrai avec du sable et de l’eau.

De l’eau fraiche, du sable chaud. Je me battrai.

J’étais décidé. Je voyais donc loin. Très loin.

Je voyais un paysan arc-bouté comme une catapulte.

Je l’appelai, mais il ne vint pas. II me fit signe.

II me fit signe qu’il était en guerre.

En guerre avec son estomac. Tout le monde sait…

Tout le monde sait qu’un paysan n’a pas d’esprit.

Un paysan n’est qu’un estomac. Une catapulte.

Moi j’étais étudiant. J’étais une puce.

Une puce sentimentale … Les fleurs des peupliers …

Les fleurs des peupliers éclataient en bourre soyeuse.

Moi j’étais en guerre. Je divertissais le paysan.

Je voulais qu’il oublie sa faim. Je faisais le fou. Je faisais le fou devant mon père le paysan. Je bombardais la lune dans la rivière.

 

II. III (en)

The crew, put to flight, has stopped in front of the trench, Mustapha, Mourad and Rachid in the first row ; they do not speak and make no gesture toward Lakhdar, who will soon no longer be able to see them, for the policeman pushes him from behind and keeps him from turning around. “It’s not the first time,” Lakhdar thinks, lowering the handcuffs toward his knee to scratch himself. “It’s a little over a year” . . . Lakhdar sees himself in prison even before getting there ; he is in a cell with a sense of having been there before ; the last ray of light from the setting sun makes his absence felt on the road that is gray now and narrow; here Lakhdar recovers the vanished atmosphere of his first arrest. “It was late spring, a little over a year ago, but it was the same light; the same day, May eighth it was, I left on foot. Why bother leaving? First I had come back to school, after the demonstration; the three courtyards were empty. I couldn’t believe it; my ears were like sieves, choked with explosions; I couldn’t believe it. I couldn’t believe that so many things had happened.

I saw S … at the first dormitory window. He looked like an orator; he was making a speech to the Europeans.

There weren’t any more Arabs in the dormitory; S . . . was talking loud and gesticulating, standing on Mustapha’s bed; my bed wasn’t made; others had been moved around. I still didn’t understand. I glanced through the window without going in; I didn’t want to prowl around the courtyards but I couldn’t jump through the study window either. I’d have to break open Mustapha’s box, take the pamphlets out, and I stood there without saying a word, not trying to hide behind the post, squinting toward the dormitory where S … was talking, standing on Mustapha’s bed, and I couldn’t even hear what they were saying; I was standing there like a stork on one leg in the open field, cold and. stubborn as a stalled engine, as if I knew I was on the prison threshold, condemned to inaction, temporarily self-paroled. But I wasn’t arrested until the next day. A year ago.

There were not enough handcuffs; the cook was fastened to me; we were locked up in the heart of the police station, in the hayloft: the cook, the baker boy and me. Each of us had one hand and one foot free. A sheep, a real sheep bounding around the loft. It had stopped bleating. The corporal had pushed it in there without hurting it, and he brought its food in separately, kicking vaguely at the bundle of men in passing. But this time I’m alone . . .

 

II. IV (en)

I shouldn’t have left. If I had stayed at school, they wouldn’t have arrested me. I’d still be a student, not a laborer, and I wouldn’t be locked up again, for a knock on the head. I should have stayed at school, that’s what the district chief told me.

I should have stayed at school, at my job.

I should have listened to the district chief. But the Europeans had ganged up.

They had moved the beds around.

They were showing each other their fathers’ weapons.

There was no head-master or under-master left.

There was no smell from the kitchens now.

The cook and the steward had run away.

They were afraid of us, of us, of us!

The demonstrators had evaporated.

I went into the study. I took the pamphlets.

I hid the Life of Abd-el-Kader.

I felt the force of the ideas.

I found Algeria irascible. Its breathing …

The breathing of Algeria was enough.

Enough to keep off the pigeons.

Then Algeria herself turned . . .

Turned stool-pigeon.

But the ants, the red ants.

The red ants came to the rescue.

I left with the pamphlets.

I buried them near the river.

I made a map of a future demonstration.

If someone would give me that river, I would fight.

I’d fight with the sand and the water.

With the cold water, the hot sand. I would fight.

I had decided. So I could see far. Very far.

I saw a farmer bent over like a catapult.

I called to him but he didn’t come. He made a sign.

He made me a sign that he was at war.

At war with his stomach. Everyone knows …

Everyone knows a farmer has no brains.

A farmer is only a stomach. A catapult.

But I’m a student. I was a flea.

A sentimental flea … The poplar blossoms …

The poplar blossoms burst into silky fluff.

But I was at war. I amused the farmer.

I wanted him to forget his hunger. I clowned.

I clowned for my father the farmer. I bombarded the moon in the river.

 

Citations

  • Nedjma (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1956), pp. 47–50
  • Nedjma, translated by Richard Howard (Alexandria: University of Virginia Press, 1991), pp. 68–71

 

  1. On May 8th 1945, as France was celebrating its liberation from Nazi Germany, Algerians (many of whom participated in the fight against Nazism) took the street for a massive anticolonial protest. Its brutal repression by the colonial forces caused tens of thousands of deaths.
  2. Lakhdar, like Kateb Yacine, is one of the very few indigenous students, generally from families close to the French administration, accepted in colonial boarding schools.
  3. Colonizers originated from France and other countries were officially called “Europeans” while indigenous were called “Arabs.”
  4. Abdelkader Ibn Muhieddine, known as Emir Abdelkader, was the leader of one of the most important insurrections against colonization starting in 1839, nine years after the French invasion. Kateb Yacine gave a speech about him in Paris in 1948, at the age of 17.
  5. The flag of independent Algeria was carried for the first-time during May 1945 protests.
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