Effects of parity on the number of electrons in a mesoscopic superconductor

Parity effect in Andreev reflection off a small superconducting grain and the idea of “Poisoning” of two-electron tunneling by a trapped quasiparticle is introduced in:

Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 4138 (1993) [pdf file]

Parity effect in Josephson current:

Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2940 (1993) [pdf file]

Bound state of a quasiparticle formed due to parity effect:

Phys. Rev. B 72, 104507 (2005) [cond-mat/0502657]

“Poisoning” effect in a qubit:

Phys. Rev. B 72, 014517 (2005) [cond-mat/0503028]