More Challenging Problems: The radius and interval of convergence

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Introductory Problems

Find the radius and interval of convergence of these power series.

1. ∑n=1 n! xn/(2n)!

Answer

1. The radius of convergence is ∞.

Solution

1. Factorials suggest the Ratio test. limn → ∞|((n+1)!xn+1/(2n+2)!) / (n!xn/(2n)!)| = limn → ∞|((n+1)!/n!)⋅((2n)!/(2n+2)!)x| = limn → ∞(n+1)/((2n+2)(2n+1))|x| = 0 for all x. This power series converges for all x, so the radius of convergence is ∞.

 

2. ∑n=1 nnxn/2n

Answer

1. The radius of convergence is 0. The interval of convergence is [0].

Solution

1. Exponents suggest the Root Test. limn → ∞(nn|x|n/2n)1/n= limn → ∞(n/2)|x| = ∞ for all x ≠ 0. Then the radius of convergence is 0, and the inverval of convergence is [0].

 

3. ∑n=1 n2xn/2n

Answer

1. The radius of convergence is 2. The interval of convergence is (-2, 2).

Solution

1. The exponent of n2 suggests the Root Test will not be effective. Try the Ratio Test. limn → ∞|((n+1)2xn+1/2n+1) / (n2xn/2n)| = limn → ∞((n+1)2/n2)⋅(2n/2n+1)|x| = |x|/2. The interval of convergence includes |x|/2 < 1, that is, (-2,2), and so the radius of convergence is 2. To find the interval of convergence, test the endpoints of (-2,2). For x = 2 the series becomes ∑n=1 n22n/2n = ∑n=1 n2. This diverges by the nth term test. For x = -2 the series becomes ∑n=1 n2(-2)n/2n = ∑n=1 (-1)nn2. This diverges by the nth term test. Then the interval of convergence is (-2,2).

 

4. ∑n=1 (2x – 1)2n+1/n1/2

Answer

1. The radius of convergence is 1/2. The interval of convergence is (0, 1).

Solution

1. The exponent of n1/2 suggests the Root Test will not be effective. Try the Ratio Test. limn → ∞|((2x – 1)2n+3/(n+1)1/2) / ((2x – 1)2n+1/n1/2)| = limn → ∞(n/(n+1))1/2|(2x – 1)2| = |(2x – 1)2| The interval of convergence includes |(2x – 1)2| < 1, that is, |2x – 1| < 1, which gives 0 < x < 1. Then the radius of convergence is 1/2. To find the interval of convergence, test the endpoints of (0,1). For x = 1 the series becomes ∑n=1 12n+1/n1/2 = ∑n=1 1/n1/2, a diverging p-series. For x = 0 the series becomes ∑n=1 (-1)2n+1/n1/2 = -∑n=1 1/n1/2, a diverging p-series. Then the interval of convergence is (0,1).